Sufism and Fiqh: Friends and Foes

Since the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan in August 2021, Sufis have faced multiple attacks. A comparison of the differences and similarities between fiqh (as represented by the Taliban and ISIS) and Sufism can provide insight.

A painting of Sufi dancers

Sufism and Fiqh are two integral elements of Islamic thought and practice. Sufism, a mystical movement within Islam, prioritizes personal devotion to God and a direct connection with the divine. Conversely, Fiqh represents the Islamic law that outlines the principles, rules, and practices of the religion based on Qur’anic revelations, Prophet Muhammad’s teachings (Hadith), community consensus, and other sources. Despite their common roots in Islam, the relationship between Sufism and Fiqh has been complex and sometimes contentious throughout history.

A major difference between Sufism and Fiqh is their areas of focus. Sufism strongly emphasizes spiritual growth and internal development through practices such as meditation, chanting, and asceticism. In contrast, Fiqh is more concerned with external rituals and religious obligations, such as prayer, fasting, and almsgiving. Sufism often adopts a metaphorical interpretation of the Qur’an, viewing it as a spiritual guide, while Fiqh places a…